This study aimed to examine the self-perception of hotel industry employees regarding their overqualification, the factors that contribute to overqualification, and the attitudes and behaviors of managers and colleagues towards overqualified employees. To achieve the research objective, a qualitative research approach was used, involving interviews with personnel to collect data. During the interviews, employees were asked four main questions. Thematic analysis was used to examine the participants' responses to the inquiries. Eight distinct themes were identified based on the examination of responses to the multiple-choice questions. The analysis revealed that a significant portion of employees felt they were overqualified for their roles. The perception of employees as overqualified is primarily influenced by factors such as education, experience, and foreign language proficiency. As per employees, this attribute distinguishes them from their peers. Moreover, a substantial portion of the workforce often perceives individuals to have excessive qualifications, as observed by their supervisors and peers. In conclusion, most participants, except for one, demonstrated a clear preference for overqualification. Employees engage in activities to enhance their qualifications in their pursuit of overqualification. These activities involve enhancing their education, enrolling in vocational training programs, obtaining work-related certifications, attending seminars, and improving their foreign language proficiency. In a broader context, there is a concept of improving employee overqualification by promoting higher education and foreign language proficiency.

Muslim-friendly tourism is one of the prominent topics in academic studies due to its potential returns and estimated market volume in recent years. Within this tourism type, customizing tourism products and services currently offered in the sector, rendering innovative tourism products and services needed by the customer segment, and profiting from the sale of these products and services are critical issues that need to be underlined. Although many studies have been carried out on Muslim-friendly hotels which are the essential dimensions of Muslim-friendly tourism, it is known that the studies investigating Muslim-friendly hotels in terms of entrepreneurship are limited in number, content, and scope. Therefore, it is aimed to carry out a conceptual analysis of Muslim-friendly hotel entrepreneurship and examine it under the main headings of the entrepreneurship field. Through the in-depth literature analysis, this study provided insights into the Muslim-friendly hotel entrepreneurship model. The Business Model Canvas, the success model, and the challenges of Muslim-friendly hotel entrepreneurship were produced. In addition to the importance of spiritual harmony between the entrepreneur and business concept, a supportive ecosystem was emphasized based on the designed conceptual model. The article was concluded with the implications for future research.

This study presents bibliometric analysis of brand-related content on social media. By filtering by topic in the WOS database, publications between 2000 and 2021 on two types of social media content, firm-generated content (FGC) and user-generated content (UGC), are examined. For FGC, 47 articles in the database are reviewed, while 3502 articles are included in the analysis for UGC. The research results found that while the FGC studies of the researchers mainly were “Business,” the UGC articles were “Computer Science Information Systems” predominantly. In addition, the journal that gives the most place to studies with the FGC topic is the Journal of Marketing. On the other hand, the journals New Media & Society and Sustainability published 46 articles each for UGC studies. As a result of the co-word network analysis, although there were five themes in the map of the FGC articles, more than ten themes were found in the map of the UGC articles. The research results are expected to shed light on researchers who will work on brand-related social media content in the following years.

This study provides insights on gossip related organizational communication in the context of hospitality businesses and reveals the relationship between employees’ personal attitude for gossip and their perception of workplace gossip. A quantitative research approach was adopted, and data were collected from 451 hotel employees through the survey. The relationships were examined by using path analyzes through the AMOS program. Findings show that managerial gossip attitude influences perception of workplace gossip dimensions (comparison and exaggeration, fun and entertainment, physical appearance, flow of social-information, managerial, and sublimation). This study differs from similar studies in related field as it examines how employees perceive gossip in the work environment through their individual attitudes towards gossip.

The tourism industry relies heavily on human power to survive, and job satisfaction is significantly influenced by employees' perceptions of work value and person-organization fit. This research aims to explore the impact of X and Y generation employees' work value perceptions and person-organization fit on job satisfaction in hospitality establishments. A field study was conducted with 471 employees in Mersin, using a convenience sampling method. Data was collected through questionnaires and reliability and validity tests. The findings showed that work value perceptions, person-organization fit, and job satisfaction levels of X and Y generation employees differ at a significance level of 0.05. However, there is a positive and significant relationship between these factors, with person-organization fit having a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction.

This paper aims at demonstrating the characteristics of the accommodations in the early period of the tourism development and determining the relationships between these characteristics and the price before it became a well-developed tourism destination focusing on Okinawa, Japan. Before Okinawa was returned to Japan, tourism markets were limited due to political reasons, though, tourism industries were developed and became a popular tourism site after the return of Okinawa. First, this paper conducted a principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the characteristics of the tourism accommodations. Two characteristics were obtained: one is for the characteristics of Western style hotels, the other is for Japanese-style accommodations which feature in traditional Japanese style rooms. Then a regression model was carried out to estimate the relationships between the price of accommodations and the characteristics obtained from the PCA. The estimation model showed that the characteristics of the Western style hotels more strongly influenced to the price, compared with those of the Japanese-style accommodations. Further, regional dummy variables were added to the model, which showed the price differences of accommodations between the cities and peripheral areas. Based on these results, Western style facilities were found to be more expensive before tourism development took off, and they were limited only in the part of areas in Okinawa.

In the changing and developing world, people's needs and requests have also begun to vary, and this situation has given the opportunity for the emergence of alternative tourism types on the basis of the tourism sector. Sports tourism, on the other hand, has emerged as an alternative tourism type that includes the active or passive participation of individual or group participants in different branches as a niche market. In this research, it is aimed to evaluate the potential of Mount Erciyes in terms of sports tourism and to present guiding knowledge for sector and public representatives. In this direction, prioritization was made with the SWOT analysis through interviews with fourteen stakeholders in the region, and then with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method in line with the findings obtained. Accordingly, it has been determined that Mount Erciyes has strengths and opportunities such as accessibility and being in the Cappadocia Region, as well as weaknesses and threats such as insufficient infrastructure and increased competition. In addition, it has been seen that global competition is a threat to destination, but accessibility is the most important criteria to gain a competitive advantage.

The aim of the research is to identify the problems faced by hotel businesses within the scope of internal and external environmental factors. In this context, qualitative research method was applied in the research. Data was collected through face-to-face semi-structured interviews with people who are the owners and senior managers of hotel businesses operating in Akçakoca. A total of 10 hotel businesses were interviewed. Data were analyzed with descriptive analysis technique. As a result of the research, it has been revealed that the enterprises face economic, political, legal and natural environmental problems arising from the remote environmental factors. It was also found out that they do not generally encounter problems arising from immediate environmental factors. Lastly, it was found out that generally they face marketing, human resources, finance and accounting problems in general in the context of internal environmental factors.

This current study aims to establish a new centrality formula for tourism destinations in effective travel planning. Based on network analysis, the results provide several formulas for measuring centrality derived from our basic algorithm, which we call the attractiveness centrality for effective travel planning. Since the attractions at some tourist hup-points have an impact on the centrality scores of each destination, they can be utilised for more effective trip planning based on spatial patterns. With this in mind, several implications for future studies and destination authorities were also discussed.

The Metaverse, a buzzword after last pandemic, is accepted as a functional tool enable for multi sided platforms in a single phygital world. The key contributions of this article include an organized evaluation of metaverse concepts, components, main facilitator technologies and implementation in tourism and a critical analysis of how metaverse can be facilitated in tourism including designing a new metaverse ecosystem by means of Metaverse as a service (MaaS) platform. In designed metaverse, it is aimed to merge two business models B2C &G2C to construct a new hybrid business model B2CG2Ccamping, glamping activities. In order to concrete the designed metaverse, two scenarios were generated by means of scenario-based approach. The metaverse designed by means of Spatial.io on a desktop computer with a 512 GB capacity with processor 11th Gen Intel(R) Core (TM) i9-11950H @ 2.60GHz 2.61 GHz, 16.0 GB RAM, 64-bit -Windows 10 Enterprises. Results show that designed metaverse is applicable for tourism activities such as glamping as a case on this study. Besides, the designed ecosystem approved the two business models can be merged in a one platform: Metaverse.

The desire of people to escape from cities to rural areas for various reasons increased the importance of ecotourism in general, nature parks and recreational activities. In this study, it is aimed to determine the recreational activities in nature parks and to shed light on the tourism potential of nature parks. In this context, 33 nature parks located in the Eastern Marmara Region focused in the study. The focus is on the eastern Marmara region, as it is a region with the potential to attract more tourists due to its close location to large cities with high populations. The distribution of the nature parks by the cities examined and specifically, which recreational activities could be carried out in each nature park determined and conducted a content analysis with the help of secondary data. The intensity of recreational activities mapped according to the cities, and the richness of recreational activities in nature parks compared within itself. Findings obtained from the research shows that among the cities in the Eastern Marmara Region, the most nature parks are located in Bolu. The nature park with the most activities is Harmankaya Canyon in Bilecik with 15 different activities. The most common activities in the nature parks are listed as; hiking, photography, picnic, cycling.

In the first two years of the Covid-19 pandemic, risk perception negatively affected travel intention. Whether the vaccination has changed risk perception and the impact of vaccination on travel intention has not been fully evaluated in the literature. This study aims to examine the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on tourists' travel intentions during the mass vaccination and normalization period by the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The mediating role of risk reduction behavior between risk perception and travel intention is also investigated. An online survey was conducted with 1233 tourists in Türkiye. As a result of the Structural Equation Model (SEM), it was found that the variables of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control had a positive effect on tourists' travel intentions. However, no significant effect of the Covid-19 risk perception on travel intention was determined. When the mediation is tested, the effect of Covid-19 risk perception on travel intention became significant. Since most of our sample population was vaccinated (94.8%), tourists did not perceive Covid-19 as a risk at first. When they applied risk reduction behaviors, they began to perceive Covid-19 as a risk and realized that the pandemic was still not over and necessary precautions had to be taken. While this study emphasizes the importance of the mediation effect risk reduction behavior, it provides us with new ideas about the changes in the travel intention of tourists during the pandemic period.

Turkish cuisine is not based on a race. It is one of the world's richest cuisine in terms of cooking techniques, material diversity and basic titles, which feed on the brotherhood of cultures in a geography stretching from the Yellow Sea to the Americas. The main purpose of this study is to emphasize the importance of the Turkish cuisine and culture on the emergence and spread of the products mentioned here to the world. This study asks the question "What are the foods that spread from Turkish cuisine to the world?". For this purpose, scientific articles, theses, symposium proceedings, travelogues, books, and magazines were examined. After a wide literature review yogurt, yufka, baklava, döner, mantı, pastırma, tel kadayıf, coffee, lohuk, Turkish delight, sherbet, sütlaç and güllaç, which are known and mentioned most in international literature and cuisines were chosen for a deeper research. The study has been limited to these products and with the documents published in English and Turkish. This research plans to provide information about the history of these products, some of which are disputed about their origin, such as yoghurt, baklava, döner, mantı and pastırma.

This study investigates the competitiveness of Alanya, a medical tourism destination in Türkiye, and determines appropriate strategies using the analytical hierarchy process and quality function deployment. Data were collected from medical tourism experts to gain managerial insights into the factors affecting the competitiveness of medical tourism. The findings show that medical tourists primarily focus on medical factors such as competence of doctor and quality of treatment. The main strategies to strengthen competitiveness are to create a healthcare-free zone, to increase the number of accredited health care providers, and to encourage the involvement of doctors in academic research and ongoing training. For researchers interested in assessing competitiveness in medical tourism destinations, the study presents general determinants that should be considered in each destination. In addition, the findings show that each medical tourism destination should focus on its own determinants of medical tourism competitiveness when developing its marketing strategies. Finally, it shows that the analytical hierarchy process and quality function deployment approaches can be successfully applied in achieving destination competitiveness and strategic planning, with content validity and importance performance analysis.

Destinations offer various tastes to visitors as tourism products. Experiencing these delicacies is considered necessary for the tourists' travel motivation. Tourists travel to these destinations to increase their travel motivations and to have unique gastronomic experiences. In this sense, this study aims to determine the effects of gastronomic experience and food image on the individuals’ intentions to eat Hatay's local foods. In this context, data of the study was collected from 371 individuals who had gastronomic experiences in the province of Hatay, using the survey technique. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data. In this context, validity, reliability, and path analyses were performed. As a result of the path analysis, it was concluded that gastronomic experience and food image have significant impacts on the intention to eat local foods.

Tourism security is linked to the well-being, physical, psychological and economic integrity of visitors, service providers and members of the host communities and plays a very important role when people choose a tourist destination, hence the need to analyze the scientific production associated with the topic. The present study aims to use bibliometric indicators to review the relevant literature related to tourism security in the period 2002-2021. The information and the main trends in this area are represented and mapped using the following software: EndNote, Excel, Bibexcel and VOSviewer. During the period analyzed, a total of 59 original articles were registered in the Sciencidirect and Scielo databases. The analysis indicates that the literature on tourism safety is growing gradually, however, it is considered insufficient; a total of 26 journals are included in the study where the journal Estudios y perspectivas en turismo is the leader in the field of research registering 24% of the total published research. As for the keyword analysis, the main lines of productivity are focused on the relationship between security and tourism, destination image, risk perception, public safety, customer satisfaction and Covid-19. The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic is a trigger for the growth of research related to the field of research under analysis. In conclusion, the limitation of this research is that only two databases were taken into account and that through the search strategy used, some works might not have been identified, in addition to the fact that the study can be expanded with the inclusion of other bibliometric indicators.

This article aims to describe pilgrimage tourism in the Uttarakhand Himalaya: pilgrims’ inflows and trends. Pilgrimages – highlands and valleys are the main centers of spiritual tourism in the Uttarakhand Himalaya. Data on pilgrims’ inflow in the major pilgrimage centers from 2000 to 2018 were gathered from the Uttarakhand Tourism Development Board, Dehradun. The pilgrims from Indian subcontinents and abroad have been visiting the pilgrimage centers for time immemorial. Inflows of pilgrims in the pilgrimage centers vary from the river valley pilgrimages to the highland pilgrimages. Haridwar, a valley pilgrimage, receives the highest inflow of pilgrims, which is more than 50% of the total pilgrims’ inflows. Meanwhile, Yamunotri, a highland pilgrimage has the lowest inflow of pilgrims from within and outside countries. The main reason for the change in the number of pilgrims in these highland and valley pilgrimages was the availability of infrastructural facilities in the form of transportation and accommodation. In terms of the trends of pilgrims’ inflows during the period, it is not uniform. The state of Uttarakhand is highly vulnerable to climate-induced calamities, which are highly catastrophic, and leads to land degradation and roadblocks. The pilgrimage season in the Himalaya falls during the monsoon season when happy rainfall occurs. High rainfall variability has led to changing the number of pilgrims. This study reveals that pilgrimage tourism has immense potential for the economic development of the Uttarakhand Himalaya if suitable tourism infrastructural facilities are provided.

COVID-19 outbreak is global disease that impact most of industries in the world. Tourism is one of industry shocked by COVID-19. Curfew policy and social distance caused most of tourism sector such as tourism, hotel, and restaurant were closed. The purpose of this study is to analyze financial statement of tourism industries in Indonesia and Türkiye using financial ratio analysis. We employ financial analysis of credit (risk) analysis and profitability analysis during lockdown. We employ 27 financial statements of tourism firms in both countries in 2020. Based on the result, we found that profitability ratio that have significant differences in both countries such as ROA, ROE, and net margin. Although other measurement such as, current asset ratio, quick ratio, asset turn over, debt to equity ratio, and short term debt to equity ratio have no significant. The result informs that tourism of listed firms in Indonesia and Türkiye have significantly difference in profitability ratio. However, capability of managing liquidity, utilizing asset and managing capital structure and solvency has no significant difference. The result implies that tourism industries both in Indonesia and Türkiye have similar issues in liquidity, utilizing asset, and solvency, because they have to face diminishing income during COVID-19. Hence, it will effect on the liquidity.

Bu araştırmanın amacı, kahve konusunu odak noktasına almış yerli alanyazındaki Türkçe makale ve tezlerden hareketle, gastronomi alanının disipliner yapısını araştırmaktır. Bu amaçtan hareketle sistematik derleme kıstaslarına göre kahve konulu tez ve makaleler taranmış ve araştırma sorularına göre incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda 18.01.2023 tarihinde “kahve” anahtar kelimesi kullanılarak filtrelenen makale ve tezlerin başlık ve özetleri incelenmiş, 87 makale ve 226 tez araştırmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Kahve konulu yayınlar disipliner farklılığı açısından incelendiğinde, hem lisansüstü tezler hem de makaleler açısından multidisipliner alanın çok baskın olduğu görülmektedir. Multidisipliner araştırmaların arkasından pazarlama, turizm işletmeciliği ve işletme gibi interdisipliner araştırmaların yoğun olduğu görülmektedir. Kahve temalı makaleler ve gastronomi anabilim dalı altında hazırlanan tezler incelendiğinde tüketici tutum ve davranışının en fazla odaklanılan konu olduğu fark edilmiştir. Buradan hareketle, gastronominin kendisini açıklama hususunda pazarlama alanından önemli oranda beslendiği görülmektedir. Sonuç olarak kahve konusuna yönelik multidisipliner ve interdisipliner akademik ilginin, gastronomi araştırmalarının ana yapısındaki çeşitliliği çok iyi bir şekilde yansıttığı söylenebilir. Bu sonuçtan hareketle, gastronominin kendi başına bir sosyal bilim disiplini olabilmesi için gastronomi alanının sınırlarını belirleyici nitelikli ve özgün araştırmalar yapılması gerektiği ileri sürülebilir.

Bu çalışmada, turizm alanında önde gelen uluslararası dergilerde Endüstri 4.0 ve uygulamalarını konu alan makalelerin ağ analizleri ve bibliyometrik yöntemlerle incelenmesiyle ilgili bilgi birikimine katkı sağlanması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, Temmuz 2021’de 1978-2021 yılları arasında Web of Science (WoS) veri tabanında Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism kategorisindeki dergilerde yayınlanan 677 makale analize dâhil edilmiştir. Makalelerin bibliyometrik analizinde, yıllara ve yayınlanan dergilere göre makale ve atıf sayıları, yazar sayılarına göre makale sayıları, bu alanda en fazla çalışma yapan ilk 20 yazar, yazarların akademik üretkenlikleri, bu alandaki araştırmalarda en fazla kullanılan anahtar kelimeler, ülkelerin ve kurumların akademik üretkenlikleri ile en fazla atıf alan makalelere yer verilmiştir. Görselleştirme ve haritalamada ise VOSviewer programı kullanılmış olup dergilerin ortak atıf ağ analizine, ortak yazarlık ağ analizine, anahtar kelimelerin ortak kullanım sıklığına ve iş birliği yapan ülkelerin ve kurumların ağ analizine yer verilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları makale ve atıf sayısının 2019 yılından itibaren hızla arttığını, Tourism Management dergisinin bu alanda öncü bir dergi olduğunu, Law’un en çok çalışma yapan ve Jung ve Dieck’in en çok atıf alan yazarlar olduğunu, makalelerin büyük çoğunlukla iki veya daha fazla yazarlı olduğunu, büyük çoğunluğunun multidisipliner çalışmalardan oluştuğunu göstermektedir. Anahtar kelimeler olarak en fazla büyük veri, sanal gerçeklik, akıllı turizm, yapay zekâ ve turizm kelimelerinin kullanıldığı, en üretken ülkenin ABD, en üretken kurumun ise Hong Kong Polytechnic University olduğu ve en fazla atıf alan ilk iki makalenin sanal gerçeklik ve büyük veri alanlarında yapıldığı elde edilen diğer sonuçlar arasındadır.

Poverty continues to be one of the most important problems of our time. However, even if different economic measures have been taken to solve poverty, a solution has not been found yet. One of these measures is to ensure the development of tourism in poor regions. The aim of this study is to reveal the relationship between tourism and poverty and to examine whether tourism can be a cure for poverty. In order to reach the aim of the research, a theoretical analysis was carried out. As a result of the research, it was concluded that there is no consensus in the literature on the relationship between tourism and poverty. It has been concluded that there are two different approaches in the literature that tourism reduces poverty and, on the contrary, it does not.

This research was conducted to reveal how the Turkish Gendarmerie should specialize in ensuring the security of touristic destinations. From October 2020 to February 2021, the opinions of 135 participants with high authority in the field of tourism and security were received in five different provinces through an interview form created for this study. Content analysis was used in the analysis of the data. The findings obtained with this analysis were interpreted under seven themes: general security policy, uniform, equipment, awareness, duty, qualification, and training. According to the findings of the research, the Turkish Gendarmerie should serve visibly in touristic destinations with a different security concept. In the light of the findings obtained with this study, various recommendations were presented to practitioners and researchers in tourism and security field.

The aim of the study is to seek an answer to the question of whether the concept of virtual recreation can be considered in the context of the magical realism. The study prepared for this purpose has been carried out from a conceptual point of the view. The data required for the research have been obtained by reviewing the relevant literature. The reviewing process has been carried out in the context of the concepts of “virtual recreation” and “magical realism” and the study has been limited to these concepts. The data obtained as a result of the reviewing the literature have been analyzed conceptually. The analyzes have been made by first evaluating the concepts of virtual recreation and magical realism, and then comparatively examining the findings obtained from these evaluations. After the evaluations, it has been concluded that the magical realism approach is compatible with the structure of the virtual recreation and it is possible to evaluate the virtual recreation experience in the context of magical realism approach.

This study aims to empirically test a model linking destination image, destination selection, and local cuisine elements. The study also analyzes the mediating effect of destination image on the relationship between local cuisine elements and destination selection. The research data were collected from domestic tourists using a survey from the UNESCO Gastronomy City of Hatay of Türkiye. All four hypotheses suggested within the scope of the study were supported. Local cuisine elements and destination image significantly influence destination selection; herein, local cuisine elements affect destination selection more. Similarly, local cuisine elements significantly influence destination image. This study also reveals that destination image partially mediates the relationship between local cuisine elements and destination selection. The study results are expected to help the researchers and managers understand the roles of local cuisine elements and destination image in destination selection in the tourism industry. The study is the first to explore the mediating relationship in link between local cuisine and destination selection in the tourism industry.

There is no doubt that coronavirus has succeeded in crippling businesses and people worldwide. It has led to unprecedented economic crisis in countries around the world. The tourism sector isn’t an exception to its devastating impacts. The virus has succeeded in affecting not just the economy. In addition to such, job opportunities, and regional developments in local communities have been greatly affected. Tourism throughout the world has been stagnant since the month of April 2020 due to the advent of COVID-19. Given this temporary problem, economies and employment rates have been affected to a great extent. Also, local communities around the world are struggling to survive. In most countries, 50% the revenue generated from exports is contributed by tourism. This means it is a major contributor of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) as well as employment. The major aim of this paper is to carry out an objective review that can enable researchers and experts understand as well as manage the impacts of COVID-19 on tourism. For this to be achieved, this paper discussed the transformational opportunities presented by COVID-19 including questions that it raises. The paper attempts to identify pre-assumptions, institutions, and fundamental values which the tourism industry including other academia need to challenge for development to be achieved. Furthermore, the paper discusses the major impacts, experiences and behaviors being experienced by the 3 stakeholders in the tourism industry – social cost, supply, and demand. Just as measures have been adopted by countries to ameliorate the situation, recommendations have been put forward to ensure speedy recovery of the sector.

Food and beverage sector is a challenging sector which is growing and changing fast and including severe competition. Restaurants are an important part of the sector and in today’s conditions it is vital them to be nourishing and satisfying and also free of problems in terms of cleanliness. In this respect the aim of this study is to understand how satisfaction/dissatisfaction feeling affects the intentions of complaining a restaurant or revisiting it by determining to what extent cleanliness factors affect customers’ satisfaction level in the scope of S-O-R Model. In accordance with the given purpose, the data collected via the questionnaires from 384 customers of a restaurant in the United States of America have been analysed. According to the results, participants evaluate restaurant cleanliness in six aspects and it has been established that these six aspects clarify 42 % of restaurant satisfaction. Also, it has been found that restaurant satisfaction affects the intention of revisiting but does not affect the intention of complaint. In the study suggestions for theoretical and practical areas have been presented.

Enjoying a meal at a Michelin restaurant is quite a satisfying experience for consumers; working at one of these prestigious restaurants is similarly satisfying for a chef and sommelier. Chefs have long been the dominant factors in restaurants. In recent years, it has been observed that the sommeliers have become the partners of chefs in this important role. This study includes executive chefs, head chefs, sommeliers, and head sommeliers working at 11 different Michelin restaurants in Denmark with 1 and 2 stars. The findings confirm the recent contribution of sommeliers, which is mentioned in the related literature. In addition, the findings of this study indicate that the success of a chef in receiving a Michelin star and keeping it is mostly affected by the physical elements such as crew, materials, and presentation. Sommeliers, on the other hand, contribute to this success through abstract service elements such as the harmony of different elements on the table, food & wine harmony, menu tasting and increasing experience quality. It has also been determined that the impact of sommeliers on restaurant management will increase soon as they are the faces, in a sense ‘models’ of restaurants and they make unique contributions to customer satisfaction.

The purpose of this study is to determine the reasons; “why are chefs always male” in the kitchens of hotels. Food cultures of countries, cooking techniques, eating styles are some of the subjects in the study area of gastronomy science. Chefs are one of the primary elements that contribute to the development of food culture. Cook chefs are at the center of the present study. The scientific discipline “Workforce in Working Life” continues to do research about Cook Chefs. In this study, the gender and reasons of chefs working in the kitchens of 4 and 5 star hotels serving in the field of tourism in the world were researched demographically. Four continents, five countries from each continent, two cities from each country and ten international 4 and 5 star chain hotels in each city were selected. In the first section of the study, it was observed that most of the chefs working in hotels were male. In the second section, the reasons why most of the chefs are male were examined scientifically. As a result, it was determined that the working conditions of chefs are difficult for women hence the high number of male chefs.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the hotel advertisements broadcast on YouTube in different continents in terms of digital visual culture. The ads on the YouTube page of the hotel companies were analyzed by semiotics method. The use of technology, the quality of service and the sense of trust were prioritized as a result of semiotic analysis of the advertising films on the YouTube pages of the hotel company located in 3 countries located on different continents. According to findings, the local tastes and cultural values, as well as the outdoor attractiveness of the countries in which they are located among the common points of the commercials in terms of digital visual culture. In addition to the short duration of the commercials presented by the hotels via YouTube, there are also messages related to the selected target market. With the widespread use of information and communication technologies, hotel businesses take their place on social media and different platforms. Hotel businesses in the tourism sector should use social platforms extensively in order to compete, to increase their market share and to ensure customer satisfaction. Promotional images and commercial films prepared on social platforms should be made by considering market segmentation. Hotel businesses should not forget that the visual culture is digitalized in the commercials they use on social platforms.

In the research, it is aimed to determine the applicability of robot technology and the importance of technological innovations in the tourism industry. The populatin of the research consists of academicians, managers and students in the tourism industry. In the research, the "convenience sampling" method was used, in which everyone who participated in the research could be included in the sample. The research data was collected from tourism students, academicians and managers who participated in the Mersin University Faculty of Tourism Career Days and the IVth International Eastern Mediterranean Tourism Symposium held in 2019.The Cronbach Alpha test was applied for the reliability of the scale, along with the frequency distributions, percentiles, mean values, standard deviations and correlation coefficients from the descriptive statistics of the obtained data. In the research findings, it is accepted that airports, housekeeping activities, tour operator and travel agency services and hotel receptions are the most applicable areas of robot technology in the tourism industry.

“Right to health” is a fundamental human right and it is protected by international laws, also it turns over to states in three areas. Quality health care, affordability and the availability of necessary facilities and equipment’s form part of the reasons why individuals in need of these services migrate to countries that fortunately have upgraded facilities ready to serve the needs of patients worldwide. The purpose of this study is to examine the perceptions of health practitioners, tourist agents (travel agents) and hotel managers, to determine if they are aware of the present condition of medical tourism in North Cyprus, and to discover the most sought-after procedure in the country. Thereafter the status of the most sought-after procedure was analyzed and strategies for improving this sub-sector alongside medical tourism were proposed. The study aims to provide insight for stakeholders, administrators and public officials in designing their strategies for improving this sub-sector of tourism, and to highlight the contribution of medical tourism to the development of the Turkish Republic of North Cyprus.The study is based on surveys given to participants selected by a snowball sampling and convenience sampling technique. Collected data were analyzed using basic coding methods of qualitative analysis. Results from the first part of the study revealed that the most sought-after medical procedures in TRNC were invitro fertilization treatments, and in the latter part of the study, the push-pull motivators and status quo of this sector were determined.

Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has affected all economic processes as well as the tourism industry and service exports. COVID-19 pandemic affects negatively not only in the production and manufacturing industry, but also has caused important problems in the service and tourism sector. The paper aims to determine the effects of tourism revenues, international tourist arrivals and COVID-19 pandemic on service exports and the tourism industry. In line with the results, there is a long-term relationship among tourism revenues, international tourist arrivals, exchange rates, and service exports. According to FMOLS and DOLS results, an increase in the tourism revenues, international tourist arrivals and exchange rates ensure raising service exports of Turkey. However, it is determined that COVID-19 pandemic lead to decreasing service exports of Turkey. In addition, Granger causality analysis revealed that there is a unidirectional causality relationship from exchange rates to international tourist arrivals in Turkey. On the other hand, it is determined that there are bidirectional causality relationships between tourism revenues and service exports, international tourist arrivals and service exports, international tourist arrivals and tourism revenues. Results of the analysis indicate that service exports of Turkey follows a rising trend and it can be reduced the effects of COVID-19 pandemic when development of tourism infrastructure and quality raises.

The objective of the current study is to overview the British Food Journal publications from 2010 to 2020. To address our purpose, bibliometric and visualization analyses were used. Firstly, a total of 1892 documents published from 2010 to 2020 in the British Food Journal (BFJ) was obtained from the Web of Science database (WoS). Then, the analyses were made by running VOS viewer software. In the process of analyzing data, we have principally considered some bibliometric indicators such as the number of annual publications, the most productive organizations, the most cited papers, the most contributing countries, the most productive authors, the co-occurrence of author keywords, the co-authorship of countries, and the co-citation of authors. The results show that BFJ is one of the leading and prominent journals with the number of publications increasing each year according to the basic indicators mentioned above. Further to this, the most productive and contributing authors, institutions, and countries are mainly from European countries. The most common researched fields according to the co-occurrence of author keywords are listed as “consumer behavior, food safety, food products, food industry, food, nutrition, organic food, sustainability, and consumer”.

Visitors’ risk perception plays a vital role in their destination choice, intention to return, satisfaction and recommendations to others. At the same time, perceived risks affect destination image, which in turn causes increased or decreased demand for attractions of destinations. The aim of this study is to determine risk dimensions and theireffects on recommendation and revisit intentions. Scale is most widely used in tourism research. This scale consists of six dimensions, namely, physical, time, social, performance, financial, and psychological risks, which consist of 28 items. A total of 471 respondents were collected via convenience sampling method among domestic tourists who visited Sanliurfa from May to June 2021. The results of the study indicated a weak inverse and significant relationship between the performance, social, physical, psychological, financial, and time risk perception of the participants and general satisfaction levels. Meanwhile, there is a moderately strong, inverse and significant relationship between all dimensions of risk perception among the participants and their recommendation and revisit intention. Thus, perceptions of risk dimensions have a strong negative influence on overall satisfaction, recommendation, and revisit intentions. By employing three regression models, the present study reported that time and psychological risks highly affect all dependent variables. Furthermore, overall satisfaction is significantly affected by the physical and performance dimensions. Recommendation intention is affected by the financial dimension beyond the aforementioned dimensions. The overall satisfaction levels of the participants were highly correlated with their recommendation levels and revisit intention. At the same time, their recommendation intention was highly correlated with their level of revisit intention. It might be said that visitors may change their future behaviors according to travel risk perceptions.Finally, the study revealed that understanding of customers risk perception is essential to all tourism and hospitality stakeholders. 

The aim of the research is to determine the effects of personality traits, organizational identification and trust in the manager at hotel organizations. This study has been carried out in January-June 2019 with employees in five-star hotels located in Antalya, one of the most common holiday destinations in Turkey. In this study, a quantitative research has been conducted and survey technique has been used. 375 questionnaires were analyzed. Research analyses have been performed with the help of SPSS package program and AMOS package program. Frequency analysis, factor analysis and structural equation modelling have been utilized on the study. As a result, openness to experience, conscientiousness and extraversion personality traits have a significant effect on organizational identification and openness to experience, conscientiousness and agreeableness have a significant effect on trust in the managers. In this context, it has been determined that the openness to experience and conscientiousness have a significant effect on organizational identification and trust in the managers. As well as organizational identification has a significant effect on trust in the manager.This research serves as a guide for hotel managers about employees. In this context, the fact that hotel managers prefer employees who are openness to experience and conscientiousness personality traits can benefit their organizations in the long term.

The objective is to analyze the importance of the Rota das Emoções in the development of Piauí's territory. Piauí is studied in the context of the Northeast of Brazil, geographical space of Piauí and public tourism policies, with a focus on the Programa de Regionalização do Turismo (Tourism Regionalization Program) that suggests itineraries with the emergence of the Rota das Emoções (Route of Emotions), a regional route that comprises the Brazilian states of Piauí, Ceará and Maranhão. The relevance is given by the significant growth acquired by tourism in contemporary society. Governmental actions that promote territorial tourism diffusion are examined in Brazil, especially in Piauí. Private policies that regulate and establish tourist services that generate formal and informal jobs and trigger transformations with a multiplier effect. However, infrastructural transformations do not meet social objectives, directed to the market and to people's well-being.

The number of halal business hotel concept in Turkey in recent years, especially in regions where intensive maritime tourism has been increasing. However, there are no such hotels in the Cappadocia destination. The main purpose of this study is to determine the thoughts of hotel managers in the Cappadocia tourist region on halal tourism and the concept of halal hotels. Using the semi-structured interview technique, open-ended questions were asked by the researchers to the managers of 17 four and five-star hotels with tourism management certificates in the region. The obtained data were subjected to content analysis and interpreted. The main findings obtained from the research are that hotel managers in Cappadocia see "halal tourism" as a rapidly developing market in the world that will become even more important in the future, and there is no need for a halal hotel concept to promote the demand for the region; they did not intend to make arrangements in accordance with the halal hotel concept and obtain halal hotel certification in their businesses. They kept prayer rugs in their hotel upon the requests of the guests, they turned their meeting rooms into masjids when requested; and hotel rooms have a sign showing qibla on nightstand drawers.

The aim of this study is to examine the impact of sensory branding on the tourist experience in the hospitality industry and emphasize its importance. The scope of the research consists of 5-star hotels in Izmir, Turkey. In the study, 413 questionnaires were obtained and the data were analyzed with quantitative research methods. The experience in the research is related to the sensory tourist experience. For this purpose, the relationships among sensory branding, tourist experience, satisfaction, decision-making, and revisit intention were also examined as related topics with experience. According to the basic finding of the research, sensory branding affects the tourist experience under some conditions and mediating variables. This research includes the adaptation of sensory research, which has a multidisciplinary field of use, to the field of tourism. The inadequacy of academic studies on the use of senses in tourism research is among the limitations of the research. According to the main result of the study, sensory branding has a positive and significant impact on sensory tourist experience. In addition to the contribution of tourism literature, the findings will be beneficial in providing a competitive advantage for accommodation establishments and keeping up with developing technologies and innovations. At the same time, it will be a research that sheds light on the gap in the sensory branding literature in tourism.

The halal industry has developed rapidly in recent times. This development is seen in different areas such as halal travel, halal food, halal clothing, halal tourism. The fact that the concept of halal takes place in different subjects within the industry is important in terms of eliminating the shortcomings in other fields. The concept of halal recreation was identified in order to fill the gap in this context. In addition, this research examines the historical process of the concept of leisure in order to reveal the concept of halal recreation, and it has been determined in which religions the concepts of halal and haram are. As a result of these examinations, the concept of halal recreation briefly; The individual can participate freely, without any profit motive, individually or as a group, actively, passively or semi-actively, within the time period remaining from external obligations, adhering to the norms and values of the society of which he/she is a member, having fun, rest, physical, physical, mental and it can be expressed as activities in which he/she participates in order to renew himself/herself spiritually.

Tourism has developed in Nevşehir and Antalya, two of the most significant destinations of today’s Turkey, in 1960s. In line with the previous study in the related literature, it is possible to mention that the tourism activities in those regions have been triggered by the visits of the hippies. In this study, it is aimed to reveal the contribution of the hippies to the development of tourism in Cappadocia (Nevşehir), Side and Alanya (Antalya), which have become significant tourism destinations in Turkey. For this purpose, the transcripts of the interviews of the Turkey Tourism History Project, which describes the tourism development and history in these regions, were subjected to document analysis. The impact of hippies on Turkey’s tourism has been explained within the framework of Social Exchange Theory. As a result, it has been determined that all stages of the social exchange theory have been observed between hippies and local people. The local people, who initially approached hippies with prejudice, changed their perspective towards hippies in a positive way with the effect of many externalities.

There is little recognition of the significance or impact of a lifelong learning approach in tourism and hospitality (T&H) education in high school, mainly because nearly all discussions on the subject focuses on the higher education level. Nevertheless, schools can encourage students to become lifelong learners. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to bring together discussions on lifelong learning and T&H education at the secondary level by providing a bibliometric, systematic, and integrative literature review on T&H education in high school. The bibliometric review selected 40 papers on the topic published in 17 international journals. Then, the systematic review classified the publications in eight thematic categories. Lastly, the integrative review evaluated the research’s evolution at different decades. The study concluded that research topics on T&H education in high school became more diverse from 2010, indicating that it might be in its initial phase. Furthermore, research in traditional schools surpassed the vocational institutions’ ones, meaning that tourism and hospitality can integrate regular curricula more broadly, not only with a training perspective. Finally, the lifelong learning approach for T&H education in high school can introduce vocational and critical skills and foster learning experiences.

This dynamic structure has also shown itself in tourism studies, which have been carried out on current issues. This study examined articles published in hospitality journals in the last 40 years. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, and International Journal of Hospitality Management in SSCI were selected as case studies. Five thousand three hundred and ninety-five articles in the journals were analyzed using the content analysis method. MAXQDA and VOSviewver programs were used as analysis tools. Comparative content analysis was made. The changes in the word frequencies of the studies were revealed in 10-year periods. Keywords of the articles, author collaborations, and country collaborations were analyzed. The study results show that the main themes of the research are similar, but different words come to the fore over time. The keywords Satisfaction, Hotels, Hospitality, and Tourism were used more. Themes such as social media, social customer, social life, social management, customer, value, communication, and the brand were used more, especially after the 2000s. The United States, Hong Kong, and China are first-in cooperation countries. The most productive authors are Hua, N., Kim, H., Han, H., Matilla, A. S., and Law, R..

The main purpose of this study is to determine the mediating role of perceived risk in the impact of tourist behavior on liminoid behavior in the Covid-19 pandemic process and the risk perceived at the level of acting liminoid behaviors. The main research question of the study is to what extent liminoid behaviors are perceived as risky by healthcare professionals in the context of tourist behavior despite the precautions. Participants consist of healthcare professionals working in the health sector in Turkey in 2020. A total of 135 questionnaires were obtained using random sampling with the participation of healthcare professionals working in different hospitals in Turkey. Factor analysis and Partial Least Squares structural modeling (PLS) were applied in the analysis of the collected data. According to the analysis results, perceived risk has a mediating effect between the covid tourist behavior and liminoid behavior in various contexts. As one of the prominent findings, it was concluded that the time risk perceived by the participants mediated the relationship between tourist behavior affected by the pandemic and liminoid behavior. Also the relationship between tourist behavior and the subscales of the risk factor will enable the determination of tourism strategies to be developed for tourist behavior.

The aim of this study is (1) to measure four dimensions of the experience economy at distinct destinations hosting different types of tourists, (2) to examine the impact of the perceived experience on satisfaction, and (3) the effect of satisfaction on intentions to revisit and recommend. For this purpose, the data were gathered through a survey from 443 tourists visiting Alaçatı, Alanya, Belek, and Kızkalesi in Turkey. The hypothesized relations were examined with structural equation modelling (SEM). According to the outcomes of the analysis; significant and positive influences of education, entertainment and escapism on satisfaction have been determined. The esthetic experience perceived by tourists does not affect satisfaction significantly. Besides, tourists’ satisfaction has a positive impact on both intentions to revisit and recommend. Lastly, visitors’ revisit intention was found to significantly influence their recommendation intention. The outputs obtained from the study offers valuable empirical evidence about the experience economy and behavioural intentions to both the tourism industry and tourism researchers. This study also adopts the 4E experience economy model to four different destinations for the first time in tourism literature.

Last decade witnessed an increase in usage of internet which led to increase in smartphone usage with various applications developed for making the life of people easy, resulting in dynamic change in the lifestyle of people. One such dynamic change taken place in India is in the area of transport, especially rail travel application started by Indian Railways, namely, Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) portal. Present paper tries to identify the reason why people consider the IRCTC application as the most reliable application. Model was proposed by adopting the factors from Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) along with an addition of perceived trust as an influencing factor. Data from 193 usable questionnaires was collected from Goa and were tested against the research model. Result indicated that habit, hedonic motivation, performance expectancy, and perceived trust were the main predictors of behavior intention to adopt and use IRCTC application. The proposed model was able to explain 65% variance on behavior intention. The study also provides valuable insight for the management to improve the IRCTC application in order to motivate customers to adopt and continuously use the services of this application.

Cruise tourism and tourism routes directed to the natural and cultural landscape areas of the region constitute the paradigm of this study, which is considered as an alternative tourism type in the Black Sea basin. With this paradigm developed for international port cities that have coasts on the Black Sea basin, each dynamic of the cultural, social, and economic values of the cities at national and international levels are approached as a phenomenon in this study. In this study, the results obtained by correlating the cognitive states of individuals resulting from the "natural sociability-social experience-social environment" approach in touristic travel with the cruise tourism type in the Black Sea basin are examined with empirical methods. In addition to correlation and regression analysis, landscape planning and design criteria are also used in route planning to reveal the causal relationships between cruise tourism experiences and people's destination loyalty. Both the sustainability of the attraction of natural and cultural landscape areas in destination loyalty and the positive conscience gained from the tourism experiences the people are examined with proactive solution suggestions in this study. In this context, with cruise tourism, which is suggested as an alternative tourism type for cities on the coast of the Black Sea basin, a management model for touristic routes is developed by providing opportunities both for the people to experience different tourism activities and the development of regional tourism.

This study is contextualized in the guidelines of the Ministry of Tourism of Brazil, promoting integrated itineraries and regionalization of tourism. The objective of the research is to analyze the development of tourism destinations, through the availability, access and application of the destination tourist indicators, which is selected in information for academic, organizational and managerial knowledge, based on the concept of intelligence in tourism. The destination selected for the application is the municipality of Bento Gonçalves (Rio Grande do Sul), known as the Brazilian capital of grapes and wines, is one of the main tourist destinations in southern Brazil. In 2010, academic research concerning the development in the municipality, showed positive points related to the general infrastructure, services and tourist equipment, as well as its importance in the regional and national tourism context. For the current research, the methodological design consists a theoretical review on the theme of management and smart tourism destinations, the tourist destination and region contextualization, and analytical correlations of collected data, using the expanded and updated instrument of the previous research, with questions open and closed, structured in ten conceptual axes. The methodology, of qualitative and quantitative nature, was complemented by document analysis. Evidence from the field research shows that the destination has evolved significantly in economic, governance and administrative intelligence terms, consolidating its regional position.

The aim of this study is to analyze the tourism network in Marajó, PA, Brazil. To do so, we sought to elucidate the concept of participation, networks and public policies so that the mechanisms of their organization in this region can be understood. This work is an excerpt from the dissertation entitled “Tourism governance on Ilha do Marajó, Pará, Brazil: An analysis of the relationship networks established in public tourism policies” (Farias, 2018). This analysis uses an interdisciplinary approach in tourism, seeking to interpret it from theoretical perspectives on participation in public policies. The study follows several steps which in the end could be connected and interpreted based on the assumptions of qualitative research. The bibliographical deepening, documentary analysis, the elaboration and application of semi-structured interviews directed the study to reach the proposed objective. Thus, the analysis revealed that the participation of agents in the decision-making process in tourism does not aim to disregard the State, but seeks to confirm the importance that institutions represent. Some examples are civil initiatives and organizations such as the Women’s Association of Pesqueiro (Associação das Mulheres do Pesqueiro - ASMUPESQ), as evidenced in the study.

How to write a history of public policy? Would there be a (universal) history of public policy? What themes, authors, regions, theoretical currents and epistemological foundations stood out over time? As Vandenberghe teaches us (2009, 2010) a story can be told in many ways: chronological, geographical, nationally ... or by the intellectual epigons and their theoretical schools or epistemological traditions, which they found, or to which they are linked.

The paper on public policies, tourism and innovation gave the opportunity to reflect on traditional concepts of public policies, based on the current scenario permeated by changes caused by innovations in different areas. The effort to relate the different theoretical approaches was based on the analysis of two exemplary cases: Portugal and Spain. Both countries have produced innovative public policies regarding tourism management, be they procedural, organizational, marketing, institutional or reverse innovations. The methodology had a qualitative approach, comprising theoretical review and case study. The analysis of the documents was based on the reference on public policy analysis, with attention to the models of institutional and systemic orientation and the cycle of public policies on the possibilities of innovation for tourism, and the vision of democratic innovation. Knowing the historical process and the institutional context inherent to the cases studied allowed a critical look at the Brazilian panorama, considering the challenges and possibilities of the policies for the sector, based on innovation and all stages of the policy cycle.

This article is dedicated to understanding the intertwining of two materializations of public Tourism actions, namely: the Tourism Regionalization Program (PRT) and the investments made by the Ministry of Tourism (MTur). This is a gap in the studies of public tourism policies, when trying to understand the effectiveness of public actions by the applied financial instruments (González, 2014). Thus, it is intended to align the resources allocated to the municipalities with the Tourism Regionalization Map, in order to spatialize these actions, discover possible concentrations and deepen the debate about ministerial action. Then, it is also intended to classify the use of public resources into categories of use (1 – Public Square; 2 – Event Support; 3 – Infrastructure; 4 – Urbanization; 5 – Management Actions; 6 – Attractions; 7 – Gantries; 8 – Tourist Sign). The spatial focus of the research will be the state of Rio de Janeiro, the choice of this federative unit was due to its significant power of attracting international tourists, as well as being a consolidated destination in the Brazilian domestic market. The time frame starts in 2004, as it is the first year of implementation of the Tourism Regionalization Program (PRT), and ends in 2016, due to the data from the Transfer Contracts System of the Ministry of Tourism (SIACOR) having this limitation. About 478 agreements established between MTur and the municipalities of RJ were analyzed. The main results point to a distribution of resources without technical criteria. Among the 10 municipalities that received the most resources from MTur, at least 4 (São João do Meriti, Itaborai, Maricá and Nova Iguaçu) have no tourist representation and no relevant tourist attractions, or even belong to Tourism production chains. The main category of use of MTur resources in RJ are: Infrastructure (30.3%), Urbanization (21%) and Public Squares (19.5%). The development of tourist attractions accounted for only 9.1% of all investment. In addition, the research points to important tourist municipalities in the state of RJ (Itatiaia and Cabo frio) that did not receive any agreement or funding from MTur. This paper contributes to elucidating the way MTur operates through the distribution of resources and their uses for the development of Tourism policies in the last decade.

In Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil, the sun and sea segment is the main responsible for the flow of visitors in the state, being the segment that receives the most government investments in planning and promotion, to the detriment of the interior regions that figure in the background. The main policy of Ministry of Tourism is the Tourism Regionalization Program, which aims to manage, structure and promote tourism in a decentralized manner, transferring the responsibility for its development to the tourist regions, thus opening up possibilities for the interiorization of the activity. The Paraibano Tourist Region is one of the few in the interior of the state that has a growing tourist movement and an organizational dynamism that makes it stand out from the rest. Thus, the question is: What are the determinants of interests that move between the order established by public policy and the horizontal relations, of a more organic nature, forged within the Region? Are there more or less strong indications that the actions guided by the Program and those implemented by the Regional Forum for Sustainable Tourism in Brejo have been contributing to the interiorization of tourism in Paraíba? That said, the main goal of this study is to investigate the performance of the Regional Forum for Sustainable Tourism of Brejo and its contributions to the process of interiorization of tourism in Paraíba. This is a descriptive and qualitative research that uses bibliographic and documentary data, as well as data collected in field visits. The reticular perspective was also used as a methodological resource. Data were analyzed and interpreted through the conceptual repertoire of the fields of Geography and Political Sociology for the understanding of local dynamics, guided by the verticality and horizontality imposed by public tourism policy in the Region. The conclusion reached is that the increase in tourism happens horizontally, that is, the most significant actions for regional tourism planning arise in the region, from the articulation of local actors, mainly through and around the Forum.

This chapter dialogues with the field of studies and analysis of public policy, which has its pioneering work in the 1940s and is in constant development. Given the various definitions of public policies, there is a convergence that these include articulations between various actors - public and private - which makes it important to consider the relational perspective for analysis purposes. Governments have been dedicated to formulating public policies in specific domains, seeking to guide, regulate, as well as develop certain activities, such as tourism. In this sense, the municipality of Ouro Preto, a World Heritage Site, a tourist destination with a highly relevant historical and cultural heritage, which has established public tourism policies and tourism management tools, becomes a potential locus for investigation. In this context, we seek to investigate the interactions, from the perspective of the network approach, between the actors that make up the municipal public management of tourism in the city of Ouro Preto, Brazil, considering the multidimensionality of political interest in the public-private sector. The contribution of this work continues to improve the understanding of the implications of network management in tourist destinations, articulating the themes of governance and policy networks that circumstantially pass-through discussions on social networks. Thus, contribute to the field of studies on collaborative forms in tourism planning and management. Finally, it is concluded that the application of this theoretical-methodological model allows to assess the articulations and behaviors of the actors within spaces of participation, as well as the positions and exchanges that affect the results facing the construction of public tourism policies.

The theme of this article focuses on the various (and contradictory) measures to deal with the disastrous consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic, that is, on the one hand, by encouraging the immediate resumption of Tourism leveraged by the current administration of the Federal Government of Brazil (such as a strategy to fight the economic crisis) and by protest actions by representatives of the productive sector of Tourism and, on the other hand, by popular demonstrations by residents of Brazilian tourist destinations, against such a resumption of the activity. So, the central question seems to be: how should national public policies be structured in order to mitigate the appalling negative impacts of the pandemic on the Brazilian economy (especially regarding unemployment and lack of income), without disregarding the fundamental commitment to health security of populations in tourist destinations, in view of the increase in the situation of disseminated contamination? The objective of the research is to analyze the contradictions that have been established between national public policies for the resumption of Tourism (in the fight against the economic crisis resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic) and the growing insecurity of populations in Brazilian tourist destinations in view of the expansion of the situation. of contamination. The theoretical foundation is based on: theories of the sociology of absences and emergencies, by Boaventura dos Santos; Hannah Arendt (2010) about the rise of the social sphere that undermined the original distinction between public and private, with action (praxis) being one of the fundamental human conditions. The theoretical-methodological path taken in the development of the essay is the multiple case study through the analysis of experiences, and the triangulation of speeches through analytical categories. The discussions that open from there permeate conceptual debates on an ethical foundation of public policies, to mitigate the effects of structural crises, and the current impact of the pandemic that devastates the world scenario. And if these are in the field of mitigation or irresponsible promotion, under the commitment to save jobs, opposing ethical attitudes in the exercise of imposing violence of legal authority, and the principles of public discussion on "mutual commitment and common deliberation".

This work makes efforts for a theoretical-empirical analysis of public policies of tourism from the sociological theory of the social fields of Pierre Bourdieu. We start from the assumption that agents with a greater volume of capital would be able to interfere, more incisively, in the tourist field, particularly in their public policies, influencing more forcefully what can/should be and ends up being done, in a given context. Empirically, we took as study object the Municipal Council of Tourism of Juiz de Fora (COMTUR), heuristically as an approximation of the tourist field in general, and specifically the process of elaboration of public policies derived from it, in particular in terms of its results (decisions, actions and projects carried out), as a reasonably objective indicator of the operation of this field. A multi-methods approach was used, using different procedures (a) systematic and unsystematic observation of meetings, (b) description and recording of data in a diary note, (c) semi-structured interviews with key actors, (d) analysis of secondary data (minutes of COMTUR meetings from 2011 to 2020, as well as other data and historical records). The study is based on the composition of a cumulative database of observations, which has been constituted over the last decade, being specifically composed in the most part, regarding the study of COMTUR, by two studies, one conducted between 2015 and 2016, which recovered data from 2011 to 2015, and the other, conducted between 2019 and 2020, that compiled data from 2016 to 2020. We seek to identify the relationships between the different agents in the interactive dynamics of this social space, in terms of ideas, discourses and actions, as well as the positions of the agents, particularly the dominant ones, which stand out in relation to the others. We particularly highlight the relationships between proposed-proposals, approved-executed proposals, as well as between both and the volume of capital of the agents, especially the dominant ones, and finally the specific circumstances of each action (proposed and approved). The evidence points towards a direct relationship between the said volume of capital, the degree of participation in the meetings and the tendency to approve and eventual implementation of the proposals made by the agents with the highest volume of capital, who were at the center of the debate. It is concluded that the supposed democratic and "universal" openness in terms of the possibility of action is part of an ilusio of the field, which does not translate necessary, neither directly, in the real manifestation and participation in the field (COMTUR). It is said that the agents with the highest volume of capital tend to be those who, in a way, participate more in the actions and achievements of this sphere and, in this sense, are more likely to guide the local tourist context, as opposed to the actions of other agents in the field, who act as adjuvants. Therefore, any significant change in the field needs to include, in whole, or in part, those dominant agents.

Although tourism and hospitality have transformed to be much safer activities compared with the past with the developments in transportation and information technologies, they still involve many risks. This review paper explains and discusses the influence of the perception of risk on consumer behaviour in tourism and hospitality and strategies that can be used to reduce consumers’ risk perceptions. As eliminating or reducing consumers' risk perceptions help tourism and hospitality businesses attract more customers and maintain them, understanding concepts of risk and control may enable tourism and hospitality businesses to establish competitive advantage over their competitors. With this background in mind, the study introduces the concept of risk and the types of risks that may be associated with tourism and hospitality activities. The study also explains factors such as personality, personal characteristics which may influence customers' risk perceptions, and how these influences may take place in various contexts. Then, the study explains the theory of control and types of control which may be used to reduce consumers’ risk perceptions.

This research is based on social cognitive theory and aims to determine the effects of flow experience and positive and negative emotional states of individuals participating in recreational activities on their self-efficacy. The study also aimed to explore the effect of flow experience, self-efficacy, and positive-negative emotions on individuals' life satisfaction. The data were collected through a valid and reliable scale. Convenient sampling method was employed and 434 valid questionnaires were collected between January and April 2018. Hypotheses were tested by multiple regression analysis. Results show the balance between challenges and skills subscale of flow experience and positive emotional state affect self-efficacy. In addition, life satisfaction is affected by flow experience, positive emotions and self-efficacy. Based on the relevant findings and inferences, some suggestions have been developed for the enterprise or operators. Within the scope of the flow experience, balance between challenges and skills can be taken into account by the companies that work with intensive business timetable (for example: businesses where the service is offered on site, such as hotels, restaurants). A further suggestion can be made for managers of sports clubs, fitness center operators, course managers (such as swimming, dancing) and public managers. More individuals should be directed to do physical activities for themselves, regardless of whether they are indoor or outdoor activity.

Food tourism is defined as a journey to a destination in order to discover a culture through its food. Special segments of culinary tourism have emerged during the last decades to valorize local products and drinks and award tourism value to food. This is the case of cheese tourism, which has been recently studied with increasing management and marketing implications. In this sense, planning and development of food-based marketing strategies represent a key factor towards the success of a niche tourism. In particular, this paper investigates the process of marketing cheese tourism in social media. Drawing on a visual content analysis focused on Instagram, the research analyses the virtual storytelling of Manchego cheese. Results showcase how cheese is communicated to audiences and reveal the potential of social media to create a cheese-based narrative. Both theoretical and practical implications of the study are described.

Since the COVID-19 pandemic emerged, it has had a noticeable negative impact on many sectors and markets, especially the health sector. Although the large scale consequences have not yet been fully determined, the pandemic; started to change business life, personal priorities and habits. Curfews and encouragement of people not to leave their homes disrupted yachting activities. For this reason, one of the business lines most affected by the pandemic in the world has undoubtedly been the marine tourism sector. In countries with many sub-areas for marine tourism, such as Turkey, also in the yachting business sector has experienced a significant decline compared to last years. In this study; the level of exposure of yacht businesses which daily tour organizer and operating in X Marina where in Antalya the one of the most important and sought-after holiday destinations of Turkey, from the COVID-19 pandemic process has been tried to be revealed. In the study, quantitative research method was used and face to face survey technique was used. The most important limitation of this research is that it has been conducted only on yacht enterprises and daily boat tour operating in a single marina. Research results were analyzed with SPSS package program. In the analysis made, it is understood that especially the entrepreneur boat operators are concerned about the future and they are in a pessimistic picture. They stated that if COVID-19 continues, they can quit entrepreneurship and sell their boats and switch to another line of business.

Tourism is a system that has social, environmental and economic impacts on a global scale. A system of this size has inevitable consequences. These results, which become a chronic problem especially in the balance of environmental conservation and economic outputs, need to be evaluated from different perspectives. At this point, sustainable tourism is an important approach. Economic gain, balanced resource consumption and consideration of future generations are the core of this approach. The focus of sustainable tourism, which has conceptually different definitions, is concept of generation. Therefore, it is important to reinterpret sustainable tourism in the context of today's generations. Today's young people, called Generation Z (Gen Z), have quite different characteristics from previous generations. As natives of the digital world Gen Z’ers, born and growing in a period of economic crises, wars and environmental problems. This generation is innovative and has a strong communication network. In addition, this new generation, which uses technology extensively and easily accesses information, is an interesting subject of investigation for the applicability of the concept of sustainable tourism. In this study, the diverging and adaptive aspects of the concepts of sustainable tourism and Gen Z are examined and various inferences have been made in the context of today's world.

Researchers’ interests to corporate social responsibility (CSR) concept is increasing in tourism and hospitality literature. Thus far, many papers published that examined what, how and when CSR practices provide economic returns including financial performance and various stakeholders’ positive reactions. Although there are many papers related CSR-financial performance, as a critical stakeholder, employees’ reactions to CSR practices are underinvestigated. Current study seeks to extend Boğan’s (2020a) initial research by providing the key tenets of prominent theories that provide a theoretical foundation for researchers interested in investigating employees’ reactions to CSR practices in hospitality industry. These theories include social identity theory, social exchange theory, stakeholder theory, self-determination theory, justice theory and signaling theory. We explicate the underlying psychological processes in CSR-employee outcomes link by drawing arguments from these critical six theories. The study will provide some important theoretical baseline for future researchers whose research interests include perceived CSR-employee outcomes link.

Tourist satisfaction is very important in terms of destination loyalty as revisit and recommendation intentions. The development of airline transportation has led to an increase in the average time spent by tourists during the destination process by shortening the transportation time. The purpose of this study is to determine the spatial distribution of passenger satisfaction levels at airports in the Americas. For this purpose, data for determining tourist satisfaction has been obtained from two different platforms. In order to determine the general satisfaction level at the airports, the data of 904 airports where 30 or more users made comments were taken into consideration in the google map database. Satisfaction distribution and clustering regarding airports were evaluated with the data obtained from Google. Mapping analysis was conducted using the spatial analysis method to determine the satisfaction levels of the tourists. MapInfo 16 program was used for mapping analysis. Satisfaction levels from American airports vary between 2.5 and 4.7. In addition, whether the airport satisfaction is spatial autocorrelation has been tested using the GeoDa program. Analyzes have revealed that airport satisfaction creates spatial autocorrelation in America. It is observed that satisfaction is high in airports in the east and west of North America and low in the middle parts. Satisfaction for Central America has been found to be high in the west of the continent and low in the east. Satisfaction levels for South America are high in the northeast, northwest, and also southwest coasts, while it is low in other parts. This situation shows that airports located in certain regions of the continent have similar characteristics. Skytrax data were used to determine the variables affecting satisfaction at airports. Because there is no statistical difference between the general satisfaction values obtained from Skytrax and google platforms. In the study, the data of 58 airports, which are 30 or more evaluated in the Skytrax database, were used. Accordingly, the variables affecting general satisfaction were explained by airport cleanliness, seating capacity, and waiting times. In addition, it was determined that the independent variable that affects satisfaction the most is the waiting time in the queue. This situation shows that measures should be taken to reduce the waiting time in the queue to increase satisfaction at airports. As a result, it is important to determine tourist satisfaction, to evaluate the quality of current practices, and to identify improvement aspects. High overall satisfaction at airports will increase the likelihood of tourists to reuse these airports and recommend them to other passengers, and will positively affect destination loyalty.

While the COVID-19 pandemic has been influencing almost all industries since the end of the first quarter of 2020, its impact appears to be more prominent in the tourism industry. Extant research emphasizes that this effect will continue and individuals abstain from travel to avoid being among other people. To maintain physical distancing and recover the tourism industry, virtual reality technology has been adopted to give travelers the opportunity to visit certain destinations and try products or services, which can be a useful tool to consider physical distancing in tourism. Further to this, this research reviews that tourist destinations and tourism businesses such as accommodation, food and beverage, and museums can utilize virtual reality technology to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Furthermore, COVID-19 can be seen as a chance for both the industry and the destination to market their products and services. Therefore, this technology will be extremely helpful for the revival of tourism post-COVID-19.

The services provided at lounges, designed in line with various needs with the purpose of enabling thepassengers to make use of the waiting time at the airports, affect the selection of airlines. In this study,the effect of image and accessibility, atmosphere, food & beverage and opportunities (activity) dimensionbelonging to lounge scale on the selection of airline is analyzed. The utmost limitedness of the study isconducting the questionnaires on passengers using İzmir Adnan Menderes airport domestic flightslounge. The questionnaires and comparative analyses to be conducted at different airports will addanother dimension to the study. “Image and accessibility of the lounges have a positive significant effecton airline selection” is the only accepted hypotheses of the study. The most important result obtainedfrom the study is that image and accessibility dimension among the lounge services has a significantand positive effect in the selection of the airline. In accordance with the results of the study, it issuggested to airlines to position the lounges within the airport to a place that passengers can easilyreach, share the feedbacks of the passengers using the lounges via social media channels, promote thepassengers to recommend the lounges and finally follow correct marketing exercises and salestechniques

Technology has become an integral part of daily life. Although developments in the digital world offermany advantages to users, researches show that the use of smart devices is rapidly turning towards akind of an addiction (digital addiction) in every field. In such unwanted situations, people try to applya kind of a purification program by staying away from technological devices for a certain period of timewith "Digital Detox". Transferring the need for digital detox to people’s holiday experience and thusproviding a kind of a technological purification during the holiday periods can be called “Digital DetoxTourism”. Digital detox tourism, which is against post-modernism, attracts attention as a type oftourism preferred by individuals who seek diversity and have different expectations,especially those whowant to stay out of intensive technology-based tourism activities. Perceived as fairly new concept inliterature that has emerged as a result of the changing tourists expectations, establishing the theoreticalinfrastructure of digital detox tourism on the axis of post-modernism, evaluating the factors that causedthe emergence of digital detox tourism, examining the factors that drive people to digital detox tourismand examination of theoretical and practical work about digital detox tourism; constitute the aim of thisstudy. This study is aimed at researchers and target marketing organizations as it offers valuableconclusions that help better understand the emotions of individuals who are involved in or are avoidingdigital detox tourism. Understanding what triggers positive and negative emotions of individuals isthought to help service providers develop their products and marketing strategies.

Collecting and analyzing online tourist reviews on destinations is important for sustainable tourism. These analyses can give insight into the extent to which natural and cultural assets in the destination are protected. These evaluations should be considered by the authorities as objective and realistic assessments. In this study, 4183 TripAdvisor reviews of foreign tourists visiting “Göreme National Park and Cappadocia Rocky Area”, which is listed in the World Heritage Site, were evaluated. The data set consisted of English reviews of foreign tourists visiting the region between the years of 2018 - 2020. Dictionary-based sentiment analysis, one of the text mining methods, was used in the study. According to the analysis results, the positive perceptions of the tourists about the churches, fairy chimneys, valleys and underground cities in the World Heritage Site were found to be significantly high (75%). Negative evaluations were found to be low (33%). In tourist reviews, 63% positive and 10.49% negative evaluations were made about the protection of the region. In addition, the awareness of the tourists about whether the locations they visit are World Heritage Sites was 30.6%. Tourists explained their negative opinions about the locations they visited with the words "extra_payment", "crowded", and "steep". Another finding of the study was that the area is adequately protected. There were, however, some concerns related to protection. The most striking aspects of protection concerns were those in which the words "painted" and "drawn" were used, an important indicator of visitor sensitivity to the protection of frescoes in rock churches. Since the destruction of natural and cultural assets in the region is unacceptable, recommendations are made to take the necessary measures to prevent such damage.

Countries, which are rich in historical, natural, and cultural, are advantageous in terms of tourismcompared to other countries. Cuisines, one of the cultural richness, attracted the attention of tourists inrecent years. With its historical and cultural background, Turkish cuisine has always made itself knownamongst the world's cuisines. Considering the increasing popularity of Turkish cuisine; of foreigntourists coming to Turkey, their thoughts about Turkish cuisine has become extremely important. Theaim of this study is to determine opinions of foreign tourists coming to Cappadocia region of Nevşehirabout Turkish cuisine. In order to determine their decision Word Association Test (WAT) was applied.As a result, Turkish cuisine offers delicious, spicy, various, healthy foods, but is not well-known.

This study primarily seeks to identify the reasons of the hedonic consumption of gastronomy tourists and to explore their lifestyle of voluntary simplicity. It also aims to determine the correlation between the reasons of hedonic consumption and lifestyle of voluntary simplicity behaviours, and demographic variables. The study population consists of gastronomy tourists who visited Istanbul, Turkey in 2019. The data were collected from local gastronomy tourists who visited Istanbul between February, 20th and March 10th, 2019 and had gastronomy experiences during their visits based on purposeful sampling method. Accordingly, the study analyzed the data obtained from 440 surveys through loss data analysis, multi-slope analysis, multiple normal distribution tests. The data were examined using descriptive statistics as well as factor, t-test, ANOVA and correlation analyses. The reasons of the hedonic consumption of the gastronomy tourists were identified as consumption for togetherness, consumption for having an idea, consumption for relaxing, consumption for having an adventure and consumption for creating value. On the other hand, the lifestyle of voluntary simplicity was grouped under the dimensions of conscious purchasing behaviour, desire for self-sufficiency, durability of products, desire for simple products and desire for a comfortable life. The study lastly carried out analyses on the correlation between the reasons of the hedonic consumption and the lifestyle of voluntary simplicity trends. It consequently reported statistically significant findings between the reasons of the hedonic consumption and the lifestyle of voluntary simplicity behaviours.

Michelin Guide is one of the well known world-recognized restaurant rating systems. This guide gives star symbols to restaurants that meet certain standards. Being a Michelin-starred restaurant in gastronomy sector is very important in terms of prestige. Having a star is becoming a factor that significantly affects customer potential as it means attesting to the flavour and ambience of restaurants. In this research, which measures consumers' perceptions of choosing Michelin restaurants, consumer reviews from Tripadvisor site were evaluated and to understand point of view of chefs and the managers a face to face interview conducted to 9 Michelin restaurants. The purpose of the study is to investigate the reasons that drive consumers to visit Michelin starred restaurants and to understand their perceptions. The research found that consumers are curious about Michelin restaurants, preferring to experience different titles such as food quality, hospitality, service and decoration from other restaurants. In addition, consumers who prefer Michelin restaurants evaluate the service as a whole, and the issues they care about come after the quality of the food.

The aim of this study is to examine the phenomenon of vandalism with in the scope of tourism, to reveal the vandal event soccurring in Nevşehir Province with pictures and interview sand to develop solutions for its prevention. Within the scope of the study, literature review conducted by the researcher and then the damages caused by vandalism to the environment were tried to reveal by the help of the photographs taken in certain parts of Nevşehir. In the study, primary data were obtained from the interview with three district mayors and two non-governmental organizations (NGO) representatives. In the analysis of the collected data, descriptive analysis method, which is one of the qualitative research analysis techniques, was preferred. According to the primary and secondary data obtained, it was concluded that vandalism incidents were wide spread in Nevşehir province and that these behaviors caused serious damage to natural and historical artifacts. Another noteworthy result is that there are problems in taking the necessary measures due to the confusion of authority stemming from the presence of more than one institution in decision-making position.

Based on public policy theory this paper analyses how individual actors interact in order to push (or avoid) touristic issues in the public arena and what themes intro-duced in their agenda are converted into actions. It is a case study based on prima-ry and secondary data collection and analysis. Methodological it is carried on quanti-tative (descriptive statistic) and qualitative (contend analysis) techniques. The re-sults suggest a direct relationship between the power of the actors, the degree of participation and the tendency to approve and execute the proposals. In summary, some central actors drive the collective public policy.

This research aims to identify the gaps between customer expectation and customer perception on service quality of the hotel industry in Bangladesh based on five dimensions of service quality, namely "reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangibles". This study surveyed 300 respondents from different tourist spots of Cox's Bazar and Saint Martin based on self-administered "modified SERVQUAL questionnaire". Data were analysed using "mean, reliability test, independent sample t-test and one –way ANOVA test and single analysis of variance (ANOVA)" via SPSS version 22. The study adopts a different statistical test based on the primary data. Results indicated that tourists' perceptions failed to light their demand on the service quality of hotel sectors in Bangladesh. Results also show that tourists' expectations and perceptions in the case of tangibles and empathy dimensions are not significant in an independent sample t-test based on Gender and nationality respectively. However, in one-way ANOVA t-tests based on age, educational background and occupation; there is a significant difference between customer expectations and perception in the case of only two dimensions, which is reliability and empathy. The outcomes are anticipated to provide necessary guidelines to the service entrepreneurs for boosting the customer satisfaction level by identifying the gaps of the hotel industry in Bangladesh.

The Uttarakhand Himalaya is bestowed with numerous places of tourists/pilgrims' interest. Mainly four types of tourism are practiced – natural, cultural (pilgrimage), wildlife/park, and adventurer tourism. This paper examines the nature of tourism and tourists/pilgrims’ inflow in the natural locales, pilgrimages, and administrative towns/cities in the Uttarakhand Himalaya. Data on tourists/pilgrims’ inflow in these tourist places and pilgrimages (2000-2018) were gathered from the Uttarakhand Tourism Development Council, Uttarakhand. The data were analyzed based on three types of places of tourists/pilgrims' interest. The paper is divided into three sub-sections – trends of tourists/pilgrims’ inflow (domestic and foreign) in all the places, domestic/foreign tourists’ inflow in the natural locales/administrative towns/cities, and pilgrims’ inflow (domestic and foreign) in the highland and the valleys pilgrimages. It has been observed that pilgrims’ inflow is higher in the pilgrimages than the tourists’ inflow in the natural locales and administrative towns/cities. Further, the two pilgrimages of the river valley – Rishikesh and Haridwar received more than 50% pilgrims during the period 2000-2018. The author observed that the trend of tourists/pilgrims’ inflow is not uniformed in all the tourists/pilgrims destinations. It has been observed that natural disasters, inaccessibility, and lacking infrastructural facilities have influenced the tourists/pilgrims’ in flow in the Uttarakhand Himalaya.

Considering the changes in the demands and needs of tourism community, sustainability is the most significant and essential guide who leads to diverse changes worldwide. Mindful of environmental, economic, cultural, and social changes worldwide, tourism community is a concept and also a fact that has a diverse range of impacts on locality and thence city life. Related to tourism, tourism is able to be seen as a relationship of three bottom lines between resource, production, and consumption. As a result of not only correlation to economic vitality due to new tourism marketing, but also development of communication and transportation, the world has literally become a local region. Not only a rapidly growing number of tourists but also a growing demand of consumption from society living in cities is one of the reasons why there is an increase in competition for resources citywide. This report will explain a combination of challenges of tourism development and restructuring of sustainable tourism community, which is involved in a new economic, social, cultural, and environmental pattern to understand the impacts of tourism with examining city of Istanbul as a case study.

This study aims to investigate the environmental responsibility actions and technologies adopted by managers at medium and large-sized hotels, of Beira Mar Avenue, in Fortaleza city. Our methodology is descriptive, using an inductive method with a qualitative approach. We applied questionnaires (structured interview) to thirteen managers of different hotels, having more than 50 housing units, classified as medium and large size, together with a systemic and non-participatory observation. Our results reveal that hotels develop clean sustainable actions and technologies as tools to mitigate the generated negative impacts. Finally, the conclusions point to the need of articulation between the public authorities, the hotel sector and the third sector, for the development of innovative technologies and the adoption of new behaviours in the management of hospitality facilities in Fortaleza-CE, Brazil.

Regarding service failures restaurants are one of the most experienced one in the tourism and hospitality businesses. High level of service interaction and presence of other consumers in a groups of different size make the failures more complicate. Customers whose service expectation is not meet inform other group members through their negative emotions and may lead to a similar change in the emotions of others. Therefore, dealing with service failure requires more inclusive perspective. In this context, the main purpose of this research is to understand the relationship between service failure and dissatisfaction from group service interaction. To that end, it examines i) the effect of the negative behavioral reactions and emotional contagion on the perceived service failure and service dissatisfaction and ii) the mediator role of service failure on the effect of the negative emotional responses and emotional contagion on dissatisfaction. To collect data scenario-based experiment was applied. Data obtained through both online and face to face survey. Based on 1437 scenario based questionnaire structural equation modeling analysis was performed. Results show that the dominant factor effecting their service failure perception is the feeling of disappointment rather than anger in group failures. Emotional contagion is also effective on service failure perception. Neither negative emotions nor contagion has direct effect on dissatisfaction. Perceived service failure consisting the dimensions of service quality, has a mediating role between emotional states and feeling of satisfaction. That is, consumers’ dissatisfaction feelings occur if they support their emotional reactions with their cognitive assessments of service quality.

The fundamental purpose of this exploratory study is to understand and analyze the leadership styles ofcustomer representatives in call centers of online travel agencies (OTAs) through content analysis. Thesample consists of 895 customer responses about the services of these online agencies. The theoreticalbackground of the study focuses on the servant leadership styles of customer representatives to see howthey can handle tough situations with the customers and how the customers respond to the level ofservices. The findings reveal valuable hints and important perspectives of customers for the leadershipstyles of customer representatives. The emphasized points are the reservation problems, lack of problemsolving, delivery of wrong information to the customers, focus on sales rather than customer satisfaction,low level of institutionalism perspective of customer representatives, and lack of interest after the sales.The study enlightens the leadership styles of customer representatives in call centers of online agenciesfor the use of researchers and practitioners.

The cash flow of a company is a key element for the firm value. The firm value of a company is depending largely on the ability to generate cash flows. In other words, a company’s firm value is calculated by using cash flows. Financial performance analysis helps companies in effective decision-making, planning, and auditing functions. Traditional ratio analysis uses the statement of financial position (balance sheet) and the profit and loss statement (income statement) to measure financial performance. However, the income statement of a company just shows the accounting profits. Depending on this, traditional ratios can sometimes be over or underestimated on measuring financial performances. To provide a better picture of a company’s financial strength and measure sensitive financial performance cash flow ratios were suggested instead of traditional ratios. Within this context, the aim of this study is to measure and compare the financial performance of Borsa İstanbul tourism companies with the use of cash flow based ratios. Ten tourism companies listed on BIST were evaluated by the Entropy-MAIRCA hybrid model. To achieve this, cash flow based eleven ratios were calculated within the indicators of liquidity, efficiency, profitability, and solvency (leverage). To calculate ratios a-year balance sheet, additionally, income statement and cash flow statement table gathered from Public Disclosure Platform. Findings of the Entropy method showed that the most important criteria were cash ratio, cash to sales, and cash to long term debts. According to the ranking results obtained by the MAIRCA method, the best tourism company is E. It was followed by G and D.

This study aims to determine the effect of tourists’ experiences on the change in the image of Cappadocia and the intention of suggesting it to others by the impact of experiences of tourists participating in hot air balloon tours in Cappadocia region. Study universe consists of local and foreign visitors coming to Cappadocia Region. Easy sampling method from non-incidental sampling methods was preferred in the study. The sample consisted of 406 visitors who visited Cappadocia Region and attended hot air balloon tours. According to empirical research findings, it was determined that the value of the hot air balloon experience, and dimensions of memory, entertainment, aesthetics and education have a meaningful and powerful effect on the change of the image of Cappadocia. This change in the image of Cappadocia has the same effect on behavioral intentions. With reference to research findings, it can be said that Cappadocia has a strategic role in the promotion of the hot air ballooning destination, image formation and even positive change of such image. It is recommended that the stakeholders responsible for destination marketing use this role of hot air ballooning to create a competitive advantage.

One of the significant service sectors, tourism sector has a prominent effect on the economic, social andcultural development of countries. Cappadocia region is one of the most important tourist attractionslocated in Turkey. Many a tourist visits the region each year, due to which the quality of service beinggood is regarded invaluable in terms of the advertisement of the region, making it known more widely,and its development economically. This conducted study has great importance with regard togastronomic tourism, one of the alternative tourism types. The improvement of gastronomic tourism isclosely related to the creation of quality products. Quality products are dependent upon the dedicationof the cooks on their work, and their job performance being high. Because of this fact, the study tends todefine the relationship among the self-efficacy of the cooks working in the hotels in the Cappadocia region,their work-resourcefulness; in other words, job resourcefulness, and their performances at theirworkplaces; in other words, their job performance. In the research carried out, the data related to it werecollected making use of the quantitative research method, survey technique. During the collection of thedata, the scales of self-sufficiency, job-resourcefulness and job-performance were implemented. Themodel developed by Baron and Kenny (1986) was benefitted from, and relationships were defined viaregression analyses. The result of the study signifies a positive correlation among the pre-mentionedconcepts.

Tourism successis an important parameter of regional development. The way a society perceivestourismand existing issues and the rate of participation in political decisions are also important factors,particularly for developing regions. In this sense, the perspective of the locals provides a significant cluefor researchers and policy makers. In this study, the tourism development of Adıyaman, one of thepotential tourism destination of Turkey, has been analyzed through a societal perspective. 187 peoplehave been selected through convenience sampling method under the scope of the study and they havebeen posed open-ended questions. The acquired data have been categorized under three sections as sociocultural, socio-economic and geographic barriers. As a result of the study, the most significant barriersfor tourism are defined as the local administration, investment, transport and promotion

This paper examines the rationale of the 1996 Summer Olympics bid of Atlanta and provides aretrospective analysis of the short- and long-term impacts of the Olympic Games. Olympics provided ameans to facilitate the primacy of downtown Atlanta and this new strategy was partially successfulmainly because of other external factors. The elites of downtown Atlanta seized the opportunitypresented by a potential Olympic hosting in Atlanta to make promises and implement a vision thatrevitalizes certain downtown areas. Atlanta’s Olympic strategy gave positive results in the short-run,however did not help to increase the primacy of downtown Atlanta in the long term due to short-termfocused strategies, prioritizing regional issues and shifting focus of business elites to regional growth.Atlanta’s Olympic planning practice mostly benefited the business interests while the desires and needsof the residents mostly disregarded, mainly because of the privately-lead planning initiatives. AtlantaOlympic planning practice showed that privatization of the Olympic planning results in limited effectsin urban transformation. This paper concludes that the Olympics is not a “one-fits-all approach” forhost cities, thus the outcomes differ from city to city mainly because of the different objectives, politics,and culture of each city.

Turizm; multidisipliner yönü ile pekçok alanda çalışma yapılmasına imkân sağlamaktadır. Özellikle “turizm ve kadın” olgularını birlikte inceleyen çalışmaların son yıllarda arttığı görülmektedir. Bu noktadan hareketle çalışma; ulusal turizm alanyazınında kadın konusunda yapılmış çalışmaları nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden bibliyometrik bir yaklaşım ile tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında Dergipark Akademik, Google Akademik ve YÖK Ulusal Tez veri tabanlarında “turizm ve kadın” kelimelerinin birlikte ele alındığı keşifsel nitelikte bir araştırma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre 1994 ile 2019 yılları arasında ulusal ölçekte yayınlanmış 85 esere ulaşılmıştır. Eserlerin 46 makale, 23 tez, 14 bildiri ve 2 kitaptan oluştuğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu konuda yapılan ilk çalışma 1994 yılında gerçekleştirilmiş olup, 2016 yılından itibaren hız kazandığı belirlenmiştir. Yapılan çalışmaların %54,12'si makalelerden oluşmaktadır. Makalelerde yazarların daha çok kadın olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Makalelerin % 56,52'sinde ağırlıklı olarak yabancı kaynak kullanılarak atıf yapılmıştır. Yazar sayısı durumuna yönelik incelemede genelde birden fazla (çok) yazarlı çalışmaların yapıldığı sonucu elde edilmiştir. Çalışmanın “turizm ve kadın” olgularını birlikte inceleyen araştırmalar kapsamında alanyazına katkı sağlaması ve gelecek araştırmalar için bir kaynak niteliği taşıması hedeflenmiştir.

Helal turizm, turizm endüstrisinde nispeten yeni bir konsept ve gelişmeye açık bir alandır. Büyük bir potansiyeli barındıran bu niş pazar için yazında kavramın terminolojisinin çok yeni olması nedeniyle, Müslüman turistlerin ihtiyaçlarına hitap eden turizm ürün ve hizmetleri için ‘Helal Turizm’, ‘İslami Turizm’ ya da ‘Müslüman Dostu Turizm’ gibi farklı kullanımlar olduğu görülmektedir. Kavramın bu şekilde farklı kullanılması hem yazında kavram karmaşasına hem de konseptin turistler tarafından anlaşılmasında karmaşıklığa neden olmaktadır. Bu bağlamda kavramın, doğasının çok disiplinli olması ve dinsel yönünün ağır basması nedeniyle çalışmada helal turizmle ilgili İlahiyat Fakültesi Öğretim Üyelerinin bakış açılarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu kapsamda aktörlerin bakış açılarının derinlemesine anlaşılması ve kişisel bakış açılarının keşfedilmesi gerektiğinden nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden fenomenoloji deseni tercih edilmiş ve Siirt Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi öğretim üyelerinin elde edilen veriler bu doğrultuda değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmanın temel sonucu olarak katılımcıların helal turizm kavramını ‘Yiyecek ve İçecek’, ‘İslami Kurallara Bağlılık’ ve ‘İnanç ve Değerlere Uygunluk’ temaları kapsamında değerledikleri belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca katılımcıların çoğunluğunun helal turizm kavramının yazında kullanılmasının uygun olduğunu, farklı bir kavram kullanılmasını öneren katılımcıların ise ‘İslami Turizm’ kavramı üzerinde uzlaştıkları tespit edilmiştir.